DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL

Introduced: September 1968

Classification Context

Section:: CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Class:: ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
Subclass:: DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL

Description

C11D covers the composition and manufacture of detergents and soaps, including formulated detergent products containing surfactants, builders, and other functional ingredients, as well as traditional soap production from fats and oils. It encompasses single-substance detergents, synthetic detergent compositions, soap manufacturing processes, resin-based soaps, and glycerol recovery as a by-product of soap-making. The subclass excludes detergency mechanisms and wash processes themselves (covered under C11C for oils and fats processing), as well as cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations that may contain detergent ingredients (classified separately).

Scope Notes

Glossary: Amphoteric surfactants amphoteric surfactant Amphoteric surfactants contain both acidic and basic groups in their molecule, and can act as cationic or anionic detergents, depending on the pH of the solution, or as both cation and anion. Anionic surfactants anionic surfactant Anionic surfactants have a negatively-charged surface-active ion. An example is sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate. Cationic surfactants cationic surfactant Cationic surfactants (also known as invert soaps) are a type of ionic synthetic surfactant in which the surface-active part of the molecule is the positively-charged cation. Typical are the quaternary ammonium salts such as cetrimide, benzalkonium chloride, domiphen bromide and cetyl pyridinium bromide; all have bactericidal activity. Compounding ingredients The non-surface-active ingredients in a detergent composition, e.g. binders and water-softening agents. Detergents Detergent Detergents are basically any cleaning materials. Such materials may or may not contain surfactants. The term "synthetic detergent" is also used as a synonym for "surfactant" (excluding soaps, which are not considered synthetic), which is a compound, or a mixtures of compounds, whose molecules have two distinct regions one that is hydrophilic and has an affinity for water, and another that is hydrophobic, with little (if any) affinity for water. These compounds can aid in the solubilisation of hydrophobic compounds in water. See examples below of particular types of surfactant (detergent). Non-ionic surfactants non-ionic surfactant Non-ionic surfactants are synthetic surface active agents which are such that the molecules do not ionise in aqueous solution. Typical are the surfactants based on condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobe. Resin soap resin soaps A yellow soap containing resin, used for bleaching. It is made by adding a certain quantity of resin (rosin or colophony), as much as 50 % and more of the fat employed, to the mass in the soap boiler towards the end of the process. Soaps soap Soaps have the same properties as those mentioned above for surfactants, but in general soaps are not considered as synthetic detergents. Soap is a particular type of surfactant derived from oils and fats, and is created through the saponification process whereby the ester linkage in a vegetable oil or fat is hydrolytically cleaved using an alkali (NaOH or KOH), yielding glycerol and crude soap. Soaps usually consist of the alkaline salts of fatty acids, chiefly palmitic, stearic or oleic acids. Soft soaps contain the potassium salts, whereas the sodium salts are hard soaps. Metallic soaps include water-insoluble compounds of fatty acids with bases of copper, aluminium, lithium, calcium etc. Soaps are examples of anionic surfactants. Synthetic detergents have generally superseded soap as a laundry aid. Surface-active compounds/agents (surfactants) Substances which have the effect of reducing the surface tension of a solvent, an example being a detergent or soap dissolved in water. These substances, also known as wetting agents, contain a combination of polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) parts which serve to bind oil and water together. They locate at the phase boundary between the water phase and the organic phase, or if there is no room there, they will congregate together and form micelles. Both synthetic detergents and soaps are surfactants. Surfactants surfactant See "Surface-active compounds/agents". | Limiting references: Chemical paint or ink removers Cleaning or degreasing metallic material by chemical methods other than electrolysis Bleaching, dry-cleaning or washing of fibres or fabrics Treating fibres or fabrics with chemicals | Application references: Preparations specially adapted for washing the hair, or for cleaning the teeth or mouth , , Special washing compositions for cleaning semi-permeable membranes

Related Keywords

DETERGENT compositionsshampoosSURFACTANTS

10 direct subcodes

Child Classifications

Navigate with arrow keys, Enter to open

C11D 1/00 Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
C11D 10/00 Compositions of detergents, not provided for by any single one of main groups
C11D 11/00 Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
C11D 13/00 Making of soap or soap solutions in general; Apparatus therefor
C11D 15/00 Manufacture of resin soap or soaps derived from naphthenic acids; Compositions
C11D 17/00 Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
C11D 19/00 Recovery of glycerol from a saponification liquor
C11D 3/00 Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group
C11D 7/00 Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
C11D 9/00 Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap