MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA

Introduced: January 1980

Classification Context

Section:: CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Class:: BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
Subclass:: MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA

Description

C12N covers microorganisms, enzymes, and their compositions, including methods for propagation, preservation, and maintenance of microbial cultures. It encompasses genetic engineering and mutation techniques applied to microorganisms, as well as the formulation and preparation of culture media required for microbial growth. This subclass serves biotechnology and industrial microbiology applications ranging from pharmaceutical production to fermentation processes, but excludes downstream applications of microbial products (handled in other C12 divisions) and general chemistry of enzymes outside a microbiological context.

Scope Notes

Glossary: Antisense DNA or RNA composed of the complementary sequence to the target DNA/RNA. Aptamers aptamer Oligonucleotide molecules that bind a specific target molecule. CpG-motifs Cytosine-Phosphate-Guanine motifs; a cytosine is directly followed by a guanine in the DNA sequence; methylation of cytosine in CpG- motifs negatively regulates gene expression. Enzyme enzymes Proteinaceous materials, which cause a chemical change in a starting material without being consumed in the reaction. Genetic engineering Technology used to alter the hereditary apparatus or gene structure of a living cell so that the cell can produce more or different chemicals, or perform completely new functions. Germ cell germ cells Reproductive cells of the body, specifically, either egg or sperm cells. Maintaining Supporting or sustaining growth or metabolic activity of microorganisms. Microorganism Microorganisms Comprises single-celled organisms such as bacteria, actinomycetales or single-celled fungi, e.g. yeasts; for the purposes of classification, this term also includes viruses, human, animal or plant cells, protozoa, tissues and unicellular algae. Multipotent stem cell multipotent stem cells A stem cell with the ability to give rise to multiple cell types belonging to one particular embryonic germ layer, the endoderm, the mesoderm or the ectoderm. Mutation mutations Any change that alters the sequence of bases along the DNA thereby changing the genetic material of a microorganism. NK cell NK cells Natural killer cell Non-coding nucleic acid sequence non-coding nucleic acid sequences Nucleic acid sequence which does not contain instructions for making proteins. Pluripotent stem cell pluripotent stem cells A stem cell with the ability to differentiate into cells of at least two of the three embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm. Preserving Rendering microorganisms reversibly dormant. Proenzyme proenzymes An enzyme precursor Progenitor cell progenitor cells A parent cell that gives rise to a distinct cell lineage by a series of cell divisions. Recombinant DNA Technology Techniques for cutting apart and splicing together pieces of DNA from the same or different sources. Single-cell protein single-cell proteins Protein derived from microorganisms, usually bacteria or yeast, that are cultivated on a suitable medium and then harvested and processed for use as a food for livestock or humans. For example, blue-green bacterium Spirulina is processed and sold as a protein-rich health food. Stem cell stem cells Cells capable of renewing themselves through mitotic cell division as well as differentiating into a diverse range of specialised cell types. The term covers adult stem cells as well as embryonic stem cells (ES) as derived from blastocysts. Totipotent stem cell Totipotent stem cells A stem cell with the ability to generate a whole organism autonomously; totipotent mammalian cells thus can differentiate into all three somatic lineages (endoderm or mesoderm or ectoderm), the germ line and extra embryonic tissues such as the placenta. Vector vectors ADNA sequence (e.g., plasmid, phage DNA) which may be employed to introduce a foreign gene into a host cell and is able to replicate autonomously in the host cell. | Limiting references: Nucleic acids not used in recombinant technology and their chemical preparation Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Preparing such compositions | Application references: New breeds of multicellular plants, e.g. transgenic plants, and processes of obtaining these plants New breeds of multicellular animals, e.g. transgenic animals, and processes of obtaining these animals Compositions and use of the compositions and compounds for preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof Compositions and use of the compositions and compounds for preservation of plants or parts thereof Biocides, pest repellants or attractants or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, enzymes, fermentates, or substances produced by, or extracted from, microorganisms or animal material Bakery products which may contain microorganisms or enzymes , Foods or foodstuffs containing microorganisms or enzymes Body treating or pharmaceutical preparations containing microorganisms or enzymes Medicinal preparations containing nucleic acids Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids containing microorganisms Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids containing enzymes Biological compost Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like Enzyme containing detergent compositions

Related Keywords

cultivation of CELLSCULTIVATION of living cells or tissuesCULTURE(S) media for microorganismsCULTURE(S) of microorganisms in generalfoam CULTURE(S) methods for microorganismspreparing bacterial CULTURE(S)submerged CULTURE(S) methods for microorganismsENZYMES compositionsmicroorganisms for FERMENTATIONcompositions of MICROORGANISMSculture media for MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS per sepropagating, preserving or separation of MICROORGANISMSSTERILISING of culture media for microorganismsproducing STEROIDS by microbiological processespreparing TOXINS by microbiological processesVACCINESVIRUSESpreparation of VITAMIN(S) by microbiological processes

8 direct subcodes

Child Classifications

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C12N 1/00 Microorganisms; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
C12N 11/00 Carrier-bound or immobilised enzymes; Carrier-bound or immobilised microbial cells; Preparation thereof
C12N 13/00 Treatment of microorganisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves
C12N 15/00 Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
C12N 3/00 Spore-forming or isolating processes
C12N 5/00 Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
C12N 7/00 Viruses, e.g. bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
C12N 9/00 Enzymes, e.g. ligases (6.); Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating, or purifying enzymes