MECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER (making layered products not composed wholly of paper or cardboard B32B)

Description

B31F covers mechanical processing operations that physically deform, shape, or transform paper, cardboard, and paper-like materials without substantially changing their chemical composition. This includes techniques such as corrugating, creasing, folding, embossing, perforating, and laminating, as well as cutting and edge treatment of sheet materials. The classification encompasses both the equipment and processes used in converting flat sheet or web materials into structured or decorative forms for packaging, printing, and other industrial applications. Adjacent classes handle chemical or pulping processes (B31B, B31C) and the final assembly or finishing of paper articles (B31D, B31G).